Cost Accounting Research Articles

Breakeven yields for cultivated morel mushrooms (Morchella spp.) in the US North Central region

Societal Impact StatementMorels (Morchella spp.) are specialty mushrooms that fetch high prices from wild‐foraged or indoor grown suppliers. Outdoor cultivation could expand availability and diversify morel crops. Participatory research trials in the United States during 2021–2023 resulted in low, uneven yields. Cost accounting reveals that in 2023, a producer needed to achieve an average morel yield of 0.16 lb/ft of row to break even. This threshold was sensitive to prices and labor costs. While these findings are preliminary due to a small sample and experimental conditions, they establish baseline indicators for the yields needed for outdoor morel cultivation to break even financially.

Accounting and Monitoring System of Electricity Expenditures Based on Geospatient Data Consumers Location

The purpose of the research is considers the development and implementation of a system of accounting and monitoring of electricity costs with visualization of geospatial location data by consumers, which provides technical accounting and analysis of the structure of electricity consumption, estimation of electricity consumption for the tasks of planning production volumes and purchasing electricity from producing companies based on consumer expenditure statistics, prevention of losses associated with unauthorized electricity extraction.Methods. When creating a project and software implementation of a system for monitoring and controlling energy consumption, methods of system analysis, methods of designing software for information systems, a unified object-oriented modeling language Unified Modeling Language (UML), DBMS SQLServer, development environment Microsoft Visual Studio Code (VS Code.) were used.Results. During the project, software for a monitoring and control system for electricity consumption with visualization of geospatial data on the location of consumers was developed and implemented.Тhe project was implemented, tested and introduced into the activities of JSC АtomЕnergoSbyt when planning and accounting for electricity supplies to consumers.Тhe testing results showed that the software system fully satisfies the functional requirements, is ready for use and was demonstrated at the exhibition center.Conclusion. А system for recording energy consumption data with visualization of the territorial location of consumers has been developed in order to control consumption and payments. Тhe developed system will solve the problem of delay in receiving readings from metering devices in the data collection system. Visualization of energy resource con- sumption data by objects and their territorial location with linked personal accounts, meters and consumption volumes will allow you to quickly control the volume of supplies and energy consumers. availability of payment, which will reduce unproductive losses and unauthorized connections.For the company JSC Аtomenergosbyt, operational visualization of consumer data makes it possible to analyze the coverage of consumers by territorial basis and plan new connections.

ІНСТРУМЕНТИ ПРИЙНЯТТЯ СТРАТЕГІЧНИХ РІШЕНЬ В УПРАВЛІННІ ВИТРАТАМИ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

Traditional cost accounting is aimed at identifying costs that are incurred on an ongoing basis in connection with operating activities. The concept that supports the decision-making process in the long term is strategic cost management. The purpose of the article is to identify the tools for strategic decision-making in cost management focused on the corporate strategy of an enterprise.
 It is determined that strategic cost management is a process of making decisions on specific cost drivers in the context of the company's development strategy and value chain. An enterprise should evaluate its value chain in comparison with similar chains of competitors. The article presents a methodology for such an assessment.
 It is proved that strategic management is based on the following assumptions: connection with the value chain, strategic positioning of the enterprise, analysis of cost drivers, the client is the starting point for decision-making and activities, which results in the adoption of the market price as the basis for cost planning and product development, implementation of cost management in the early stages of the product life cycle, since the cost is largely determined by the product features determined at the stage of its design and development. A key element of targeted analysis is cost estimation in terms of the impact of specific factors (drivers). Strategic cost drivers are determined based on the implementation of the development strategy and its connection with the value chain. There are two main types of them: structural cost drivers and implementation cost drivers.
 It is substantiated that strategic cost management involves the use of product life cycle costing. Depending on the phases of the product life cycle, various management methods based on basic models are used: "ABC-Costing, Target-Costing. Strategic positioning of the company in terms of costs incurred should be carried out by means of cost benchmarking, which is aimed at comparing the costs incurred by the company and its competitors. The subject of comparisons is the cost of processes that allow achieving a competitive advantage.

Peran Green Intellectual Capital dan Material Flow Cost Accounting Terhadap Kinerja Perusahaan Sebagai Perwujudan Energi Berkelanjutan

This research aims to examine the effect of implementing green relational intellectual, green structural capital, green human capital, material flow cost accounting on company performance using return on assets as an indicator. The population in this study are energy sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange 2019-2023, using purposive sampling techniques, so the samples used are energy sector companies that are consistent in publishing financial reports and paying attention to their green intellectual capital. The total samples used in the research were 125 research samples. The method used in the research is multiple linear regression analysis test. Based on the results of the analysis, it shows that there is a significant influence of green intellectual capital on company performance. For the material flow cost accounting variable, it also has a significant influence on company performance. Apart from that, simultaneously green intellectual capital which consists of green relational intellectual, green structural intellectual, green human intellectual, and material flow cost accounting also has a significant influence on company performance. In signaling theory, it is said that investors are very interested in investing in the energy sector with investors' main assessment being the implementation of factors that support environmental sustainability. This is because the energy sector is a company that has quite a high emission impact on the environment, even though it provides quite large profits when investing in this sector.

BALANCED DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES AND THEIR ANALYTICAL SUPPORT

The modern development of the market economy indicates a decrease in the factors of strengthening and growth of competitive requirements, increased competition at our Ukrainian enterprises, which are rapidly approaching European requirements. One of the important ways to increase the efficiency of the reduction of prices of goods, works and services is to increase the efficiency of production enterprises. The efficiency of quality management of the manufactured products, the adjustment of the production process depends on the adjusted cost accounting. The financial condition is the most important feature of the company's economic activity. The degree of economic attractiveness of the company for persons interested in the functioning of this organization depends on its financial condition. The main disadvantages of costs at a production enterprise are imperfect cost accounting. In production enterprises, there is no specific approach that can be used to see a clear accounting of costs for a production enterprise. In addition, such a problem as control over the cost of production due to insufficient accounting of costs both in the center of financial responsibility and by types of production was revealed. The problem of the different level of development of information technologies is presented at manufacturing enterprises, which testify to the restraining factor of the introduction of more progressive cost accounting methods.

Cost-effectiveness of severe acute malnutrition treatment delivered by community health workers in the district of Mayahi, Niger

BackgroundA non-randomized controlled trial, conducted from June 2018 to March 2019 in two rural communes in the health district of Mayahi in Niger, showed that including community health workers (CHWs) in the treatment of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) resulted in a better recovery rate (77.2% vs. 72.1%) compared with the standard treatment provided solely at the health centers. The present study aims to assess the cost and cost-effectiveness of the CHWs led treatment of uncomplicated SAM in children 6–59 months compared to the standard national protocol.MethodsTo account for all relevant costs, the cost analysis included activity-based costing and bottom-up approaches from a societal perspective and on a within-trial time horizon. The cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted through a decision analysis network built with OpenMarkov and evaluated under two approaches: (1) with recovery rate and cost per child admitted for treatment as measures of effectiveness and cost, respectively; and (2) assessing the total number of children recovered and the total cost incurred. In addition, a multivariate probabilistic sensitivity analysis was carried out to evaluate the effect of uncertainty around the base case input data.ResultsFor the base case data, the average cost per child recovered was 116.52 USD in the standard treatment and 107.22 USD in the CHWs-led treatment. Based on the first approach, the CHWs-led treatment was more cost-effective than the standard treatment with an average cost per child admitted for treatment of 82.81 USD vs. 84.01 USD. Based on the second approach, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of the transition from the standard to the CHWs-led treatment amounted to 98.01 USD per additional SAM case recovered.ConclusionsIn the district of Mayahi in Niger, the CHWs-led SAM treatment was found to be cost-effective when compared to the standard protocol and provided additional advantages such as the reduction of costs for households.Trial registration: ISRCTN with ID 31143316. https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN31143316

Size optimization of IrOx nanoparticles synthesized by Br mediation for enhanced PEM water electrolysis

We have creatively developed a hydrothermal approach to synthesize ultra-small IrOx nanoparticles with precise size control at 1.6 nm by carefully modulating KBr concentrations. Br ions are adsorbed onto the surface of IrOx and modulate the free energy through adsorption, thereby controlling the nanoparticle size to achieve ultra-small IrOx. The tailored IrOx nanoparticles are aimed to be high-performance electrocatalysts for efficient oxygen evolution reaction. The optimized nanoparticles exhibited an ultra-low overpotential of 230 mV to reach 10 mA/cm2 for oxygen evolution reaction in acid and showed negligible degradation after 50 h operation at 10 mA/cm2. When assembled in a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer, the catalyst enabled the device to reach 1 A/cm2 at only 1.69 V with excellent durability over 100 h at 1 A/cm2. Through detailed cost accounting, it was determined that 1 kg of hydrogen could be produced for a remarkably low, significantly below prevailing cost targets. This work not only develops an effective strategy to enhance oxygen evolution reaction efficiency by tailoring IrO2 particle size, but also shows the great potential for scalable application in industrial water electrolysis.

The management income statement as an untapped reporting opportunity in small and medium-sized enterprises

Purpose: The main aim of the article is to present the concept of managerial account reporting for a production company from the SME sector, using case studies. The auxiliary aims were to present the systems of managerial account reporting for different sectors in the literature and to explain its absence in Polish companies. Methodology/approach: The article is based on the implementations of cost accounting in companies in different sectors. The case study method is applied in the study.Findings: The article presents case studies that describe in-house managerial account reports in companies from different sectors and the reasons for not using such solutions in Polish companies.Research limitations/implications: The consequences of the typical ʽaccountancyʼ approach in financial reporting in SMEs is the lack of and the limited usefulness of accounting as such in managing a company.Practical implications: A properly constructed in-house plan of accounts makes it possible to pre-pare a managerial account report for decision-making.Originality/value: The article constitutes a summary and a reflection on the construction and use of managerial accounting tools in company management and SME accounting.

XXVII Conference on Accounting and ControllingChallenges of contemporary accounting and controlling held in Polanica-Zdrój, October 9–11, 2023

The text contains a report from the scientific conference organized by the Department of Cost Accounting, Tax Management and Controlling of the Wrocław University of Economics and Business on October 9–11, 2023 in Polanica-Zdrój. The conference as part of the Accounting and controlling series under the motto: Challenges of contemporary accounting and controlling gathered many experts, scientists and practitioners in the field of accounting. During the two-day meeting, a number of interesting papers were presented that were very popular with the participants, who also had the opportunity to ask questions on the issues discussed. The conference was an excellent opportunity to establish scientific contacts and exchange experiences with accounting and controlling practitioners. It was an important event for specialists in this field, which contributed to deepening the debate on current problems of accounting and controlling and changes taking place in these fields.

Dollars and Sense - The Financial Argument for Dedicated Post-Trauma Center Care.

The objective of the study was to demonstrate that creation of a Center for Trauma Survivorship (CTS) is not cost prohibitive but is a revenue generator for the institution. A dedicated CTS has been demonstrated to increase adherence with follow-up visits and improve overall aftercare in severely injured patients discharged from the trauma center. A potential impediment to the creation of similar centers is its assumed prohibitive cost. This pre-and post-cohort study examines the financial impact of patients treated by the CTS. Patients in the PRE cohort were those treated in the year prior to CTS inception. Eligibility criteria are trauma patients admitted who are ≥18 years of age and have a NISS≥16 or ICU stay ≥2 days. Financial data was obtained from the hospital's billing and cost accounting systems for a one-year time period following discharge. There were 176 patients in the PRE and 256 in the CTS cohort. The CTS cohort generated 1623 subsequent visits vs. 748 in the PRE cohort. CTS patients underwent more follow-up surgery in their first year of recovery as compared to the PRE cohort (98 vs 26 procedures). Each CTS patient was responsible for a $7,752 increase in net revenue with a positive contribution margin of $4,558 compared to those in the PRE group. A dedicated CTS increases subsequent visits and necessary procedures and is a positive revenue source for the trauma center. The presumptive financial burden of a CTS is incorrect and the creation of dedicated centers will improve patients' outcomes and the institution's bottom line.

Analysis of the Importance and Performance of Cost Information in Pricing Decisions in Ready-to-Eat Food Retail MSE in Vitória-ES

Currently, decision-making is the major challenge for managers in the day-to-day operations of the company. It depends on various factors to be assertive and achieve positive results. We can say that pricing has become one of the fundamental decisions to be made. With that said, this work aimed to examine the relationship between the importance attributed and the effective knowledge of cost information for decision-making in setting prices in Micro and Small Enterprise (MSE) of ready-to-eat foods in Vitória-ES, from the perspective of managers. To do this, the methodology adopted was through quantitative methods and bibliographic research, based on the daily reality of small and medium-sized enterprises. We can analyze through raw data, collected with the help of standardized tools and a specific target audience. Firstly, the work presents a brief account of the importance of micro and small retail companies of ready-to-eat foods for the economy, the importance of cost accounting in pricing, and the conceptualization of the Slack Matrix used in the analysis of the raw results obtained, followed by the methodology and interpretation of the data collected from the managers.

Pendampingan Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi Terhadap Harga Jual Pada UMKM Kaos Baba Sablon

The cost of production is all direct and indirect costs incurred by the company for the production process so that the goods and services can be sold. Companies must calculate the cost of goods because it is very important for the company's financial reporting. The calculation of the cost of production is carried out before the company determines the selling price. The purpose of preparing this final assignment is to determine the calculation of the cost of production of t-shirts and goodiebags on Baba Sablon T-shirts and the calculations for determining the selling price using the company method and the full costing method. The results of this review show that the selling price made by the company is lower than the selling price after evaluation. According to the company, the selling price for t-shirt products is IDR 55,000/pcs and goodiebag products is IDR 8,000/pcs, while the selling price using the full costing method for t-shirt products is IDR 70,000/pcs and for goodiebag products is IDR 10,000/pcs, this is because the company does not charge indirect labor costs and factory overhead costs.   Keywords: Cost Accounting, Cost of Goods Production, Selling Price

Step-process control accounting of costs for growing grain crops

The article discusses the concept of step-process control and the methodology for its implementation in relation to accounting for the financial results of an agricultural organization. Using this approach to internal control, controllers and auditors will be able to cover the main areas of business development and verification of financial results, avoid duplication of work, and also reduce the time required to conduct an audit.

Inflation adjustments of financial statements: Implication to price index and performance

This paper examines the critical role of inflation accounting in adjusting financial statements to accurately reflect the impact of inflation on the economy. The primary objectives are twofold: examine the process of restating balance sheets and income statements, emphasizing the limitations inherent in historical cost accounting; and investigate the practical usefulness of price indices in identifying complex changes in the value of monetary and non-monetary assets and liabilities. It uses a systematic analysis of the restatement process, delving into the application of the Constant Purchasing Power Accounting (CPPA) method. The study used Royal Dutch Airlines Company for the years 2018-2019 financial data, including varying different inflation levels. The results of the analysis reveal that indexing revenues under the CPPA method improves liquidity, profitability, and solvency ratios. This improvement is particularly evident in the cash flow statement analysis, where corrections are minimized compared to historical cost accounting. The CPPA method appears to be a powerful solution to the limitations imposed by historical costing in inflationary environments. It is worth noting that the research reveals differences in the practical application of inflation calculations between countries, depending on economic and regulatory factors. This paper calls for continued research efforts to delve deeper into the implications of inflation for different industries, economies and financial reporting frameworks.

Health Care Cost Reductions with Machine Learning-Directed Evaluations during Radiation Therapy - An Economic Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Study.

Machine learning (ML) may cost-effectively direct health care by identifying patients most likely to benefit from preventative interventions to avoid negative and expensive outcomes. System for High-Intensity Evaluation During Radiation Therapy (SHIELD-RT; NCT04277650) was a single-institution, randomized controlled study in which electronic health record-based ML accurately identified patients at high risk for acute care (emergency visit or hospitalization) during radiotherapy (RT) and targeted them for supplemental clinical evaluations. This ML-directed intervention resulted in decreased acute care utilization. Given the limited prospective data showing the ability of ML to direct interventions cost-efficiently, an economic analysis was performed. A post hoc economic analysis was conducted of SHIELD-RT that included RT courses from January 7, 2019, to June 30, 2019. ML-identified high-risk courses (≥10% risk of acute care during RT) were randomized to receive standard of care weekly clinical evaluations with ad hoc supplemental evaluations per clinician discretion versus mandatory twice-weekly evaluations. The primary outcome was difference in mean total medical costs during and 15 days after RT. Acute care costs were obtained via institutional cost accounting. Physician and intervention costs were estimated via Medicare and Medicaid data. Negative binomial regression was used to estimate cost outcomes after adjustment for patient and disease factors. A total of 311 high-risk RT courses among 305 patients were randomized to the standard (n=157) or the intervention (n=154) group. Unadjusted mean intervention group supplemental visit costs were $155 per course (95% confidence interval, $142 to $168). The intervention group had fewer acute care visits per course (standard, 0.47; intervention, 0.31; P=0.04). Total mean adjusted costs were $3110 per course for the standard group and $1494 for the intervention group (difference in means, $1616 [95% confidence interval, $1450 to $1783]; P=0.03). In this economic analysis of a randomized controlled, health care ML study, mandatory supplemental evaluations for ML-identified high-risk patients were associated with both reduced total medical costs and improved clinical outcomes. Further study is needed to determine whether economic results are generalizable. (Funded in part by The Duke Endowment, The Conquer Cancer Foundation, the Duke Department of Radiation Oncology, and the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health [R01CA277782]; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04277650.).

Environmental and economic life cycle assessment of emerging sludge treatment routes

Before implementing large-scale emerging sludge treatment methods, it is crucial to conduct a comprehensive analysis of their environmental impacts and economic costs at the system level. This study utilizes standardized Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Cost (LCC) accounting methods to evaluate four emerging sludge treatment routes: anaerobic fermentation (AF), pyrolysis (PY), hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), and alkaline thermal hydrolysis (ATH). These routes are compared with two traditional sludge treatment routes, anaerobic digestion (AD) and aerobic composting (AC). The results indicate that the conventional route AD is the optimal choice in terms of environmental pollution, carbon emission control, and life cycle cost. The emerging routes AF and ATH have significant environmental benefits from carbon source recovery and protein recovery. However, they require approximately twice the cumulative energy demand of AD and additional consumption of chemicals, which imposes a greater environmental burden. While PY and HTC outperform the conventional sludge treatment routes in terms of the total environmental impact (1.79E-10, 1.72E-10) due to energy recovery and the use of clean energy sources. AF and PY demonstrate better economic performance (842.11 and 712.00 CNY) compared to the traditional route AC (905.06 CNY). However, both HTC and ATH incur costs approximately 1.3 times higher than AC due to their high energy and material demands. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis reveals that emerging treatment routes are highly influenced by energy and resource recovery and consumption. Therefore, reducing the energy and resource inputs for emerging routes could significantly decrease their environmental impact and cost, maximizing their resource recovery advantages.

The role of accounting in mitigating food supply chain risks and food price volatility

The global food supply chain is a complex network of interconnected processes and actors that play a critical role in ensuring food security and stability. However, this intricate system is susceptible to various risks and challenges, including natural disasters, geopolitical tensions, market fluctuations, and regulatory changes. These risks often result in food price volatility, which can have profound implications for both consumers and producers worldwide. In this context, accounting emerges as a vital tool for mitigating risks and managing food price volatility within the supply chain. Accounting serves as a cornerstone in providing accurate, timely, and reliable financial information essential for decision-making at every stage of the food supply chain. Through effective financial reporting and analysis, accounting enables stakeholders to identify, assess, and respond to potential risks proactively. By employing risk management techniques such as scenario planning, sensitivity analysis, and hedging strategies, accounting professionals can help organizations anticipate and mitigate supply chain disruptions, thereby reducing the impact of food price volatility. Furthermore, accounting facilitates transparency and accountability within the food supply chain, enhancing trust and cooperation among stakeholders. Through comprehensive cost accounting and performance measurement systems, organizations can identify inefficiencies, optimize resource allocation, and enhance operational resilience. Moreover, accounting frameworks such as sustainability accounting enable businesses to assess and report the environmental and social impacts of their operations, fostering sustainable practices across the supply chain. In addition to its role in risk management and performance optimization, accounting contributes to regulatory compliance and governance within the food industry. By adhering to accounting standards and regulations, organizations can ensure integrity and accuracy in financial reporting, thereby enhancing investor confidence and mitigating legal and reputational risks. Moreover, accounting professionals play a crucial role in designing and implementing internal control systems to prevent fraud, errors, and misconduct, safeguarding the integrity of the supply chain. Accounting plays a multifaceted role in mitigating food supply chain risks and food price volatility. By providing financial insights, promoting transparency, and ensuring compliance, accounting empowers organizations to navigate challenges and promote stability in the global food system.

Nexus of environmental accounting, sustainable production and financial performance: An integrated analysis using PLS-SEM, fsQCA, and NCA

This study delves into the complex interplay of environmental accounting, sustainable production, and financial performance within the textile industry in Bangladesh. The background highlights the growing importance of sustainable practices in the business landscape and the need for empirical insights in the context of textile companies. The purpose of the study is to uncover the impact of environmental accounting practices, such as environmental cost accounting, carbon accounting, and sustainability reporting, on financial performance. Employing a comprehensive methodology that combines Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA), and Necessity Condition Analysis (NCA), the research provides a nuanced understanding of the intricate relationships among these variables. The results reveal that environmental accounting positively influences financial outcomes, and sustainable production acts as both a direct enhancer of financial performance and a mediator in the relationship between environmental accounting initiatives and financial success. Practical and managerial implications emphasize the strategic integration of environmental accounting practices, prioritization of sustainable production, and the role of transparency in sustainability reporting for long-term financial success. Thus, the study offers a roadmap for businesses navigating the intersection of sustainability and financial performance, contributing valuable insights for both academia and industry practitioners.

Accounting Standards in India: Operational Issues

Accounting standards were primarily developed to provide more transparency in business operations and to ensure accurate reporting that supports wise decision-making. Together with these things, accounting ideas, techniques, and principles changed. Accountability standards are really more than just a framework; they are fundamentally similar to legislation. In order to resolve disputes between parties with disparate interests, accounting standards are also crucial. An essential mediator in settling conflicting interests is accounting standards. Accounting standards are regarded with legitimacy by many interest groups. They work to guarantee that readers of financial statements are provided with accurate information about the company. Malignancy of this includes the many instances of business scams in which investors were conned out of crores of rupees, levies were fined, and embezzlement was permitted. Because of all of this, changes to the standards were necessary to make them more informative and tone-regulating. Amending related legislation was required by these revisions. A thorough knowledge of whether the account is in line with materiality, transparency, complete exposure, and operational support is required. From a business standpoint, accounting standards are evaluated for their efficacy in promoting transparency via exposure and accuracy in reporting. In order to assist stakeholders' decision-making and provide functional support for the firm, corporate financial statements (profit and loss account and balance sheet) needed to be made visible and efficient. The present research looks at the accounting standard revisions from the perspectives of company registers, cost accountants, and chartered accountants. Professionals, the experimenter examines their viewpoints about the efficacy of accounting standard change. This makes the research relevant.

Assessing economic sustainability and resilience of tomato farming ventures in Addis Ababa: A project-based evaluation

This study assessed the economic sustainability and contribution of tomato farming ventures to Addis Ababa's resilience. Using a project-based evaluation method, the profitability of tomato production was analyzed with and without the cost of water. The results showed that including the cost of water, the venture had a negative net present value (NPV) of 30100 USD/hectare/annum, an internal rate of return (IRR) of 0.2%, a payback period (PBP) of over ten years, and a cost-benefit ratio (CBR) of 0.83. However, without the cost of water, the venture showed a subtle profit, with an NPV of 15100 USD/hectare/annum, an IRR of 21%, a PBP of 2.9 years, and a CBR of 1.02. Sensitivity analysis revealed that an increase in sales price and yield positively affected profitability, while an increase in operating cost had a negative effect. The study concluded that when water costs are considered, the tomato venture in Addis Ababa is not profitable or sustainable, and does not contribute to the city's resilience. However, without water cost accounting, the venture's contribution to the city's resilience is minimal. The study recommends policy interventions to enhance farmers' access to the market, establish agro-industries, and improve their bargaining power.